The structure of the nasal septum and its clinical aspects in pediatric septoplasty (literature review)

Despite the abundance of studies focused on the clinical, diagnostic, and therapeutic aspects of nasal septal deviation, data on the cellular composition and biomechanical characteristics of its structures remain limited and fragmented. Objective. To summarize and standardize existing data on the microstructure and biomechanics of nasal septal tissues based on a review of literature and internet sources, and to identify priority directions for further research aimed at improving surgical treatment and reducing the risk of postoperative complications. Materials and Methods. A review of national and international scientific literature, current clinical guidelines, and a comparative analysis of clinical cases was conducted. Results and Conclusions. The nasal septum, in our opinion, consists of seven layers, each playing a crucial role in maintaining its anatomical integrity and functionality. Knowledge of the anatomical and histological features of these layers and their clinical relevance in septoplasty is essential for modern rhinologic surgery. These aspects are currently underrepresented in educational and scientific literature, and there are no dedicated monographic publications on the topic. Preservation of the perichondrium and periosteum – structures that ensure the nutrition of cartilage and bone – is a fundamental principle of septoplasty. Understanding the biomechanics of the septal cartilage contributes to the optimization of surgical techniques, helps preserve nasal function, and reduces the risk of postoperative complications. Thus, awareness of the layered structure and biomechanical properties of the nasal septal cartilage is critical to achieving optimal functional and aesthetic outcomes in septoplasty