Cholangiocarcinoma (literature review)

Cholangiocarcinoma is one of the most aggressive malignancies of the hepatobiliary system, characterized by poor prognosis and high mortality. The aim of this literature review was to systematize and analyze current data on epidemiology, risk factors, clinical manifestations, diagnostic approaches, and surgical treatment of сholangiocarcinoma, with a focus on identifying unresolved issues and promising directions for further research. The literature search was conducted using the PubMed database. Articles published between 2018 and 2025, primarily in peer-reviewed journals, were included. Selection criteria comprised the presence of clinical or experimental data, methodological and statistical reliability, and availability in English or Russian. The review encompassed original research, meta-analyses, systematic reviews, clinical guidelines, and individual case reports. Despite advances in molecular biology, imaging technologies, and surgical techniques, early diagnosis of сholangiocarcinoma remains challenging, which significantly limits the potential for curative treatment. Currently, surgical resection followed by adjuvant therapy is the only approach capable of providing long-term survival. However, even after radical surgery, recurrence rates remain high, and overall survival outcomes are unsatisfactory. Contemporary research efforts are focused on the identification of novel biomarkers for early detection, refinement of preoperative resectability assessment, and the development of personalized systemic therapies. Particular attention is given to targeted therapy and immunotherapy, which offer promising opportunities to improve oncological outcomes and quality of life for patients. In conclusion, comprehensive investigation of the molecular mechanisms of сholangiocarcinoma carcinogenesis, integration of innovative diagnostic and therapeutic strategies, and strengthening of multidisciplinary collaboration remain key prerequisites for enhancing treatment efficacy and improving prognosis in this patient population